Pathogenic bacteria are bacteria that can cause infection. This article deals with human pathogenic bacteria. Although most bacteria are harmless or often beneficial, several are pathogenic. One of the bacterial diseases with the highest disease burden is tuberculosis, caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which kills about 2 million people a year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. Pathogenic bacteria contribute to other globally important diseases, such as pneumonia, which can be caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus and Pseudomonas, and foodborne illnesses, which can be caused by bacteria such as Shigella, Campylobacter, and Salmonella. Pathogenic bacteria also cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, and leprosy. Koch's postulates are criteria designed to establish a causal relationship between a causative microbe and a disease. Dental infections originate in the tooth or its supporting structures and can spread to the surrounding tissues. When facial structures are compromised the infection tends to originate from necrotic pulp, periodontal pockets, or pericoronitis. Dental infections have always been common and were one of the leading causes of death hundreds of years ago. The London England Bills of mortality in the 1600s reported teeth infections as the 5th or 6th leading cause of death. In 1908 it was believed that dental infections were associated with a mortality of 10 to 40% . Fortunately, due to improved dental hygiene, modern dentistry, and antibiotics, dental infections are rarely life-threatening today. EtiologyDental infections most commonly occur when bacteria invade the pulp and spread to surrounding tissues; this can be due to dental caries, trauma, or dental procedures. Periodontal infections caused by periodontal pathogens first involve the gingival tissues causing gingivitis and, over time, periodontitis. The periodontal disease mostly results from poor or ineffective dental hygiene leading to plaque and calculus accumulation and subsequent inflammation of tissues that support the teeth, alveolar bone, periodontal ligament, and cementum. The etiology of periodontitis is multifactorial; while bacteria initiate them, the clinical presentation and outcome of the different forms of the disease are in the end determined by the inflammatory response and modifying and predisposing factors. The disease progression seems to be regulated by environmental and genetic factors specific in each patient. Streptococcus mutans is considered as the primary etiologic agent of dental caries, an infectious disease. This pathogen can access the bloodstream during dental procedures, causing opportunistic systemic infections. Thus, bacteremia, through the adhesion to the endocardium, is involved in infective endocarditis and peripheral arterial disease. EpidemiologyIt is estimated that 13% of adults seek dental care for dental infection or toothache within four years and that 1 per 2600 head of the population in the United States is hospitalized due to dental infections. More than 1 in 5 people have untreated dental caries, and 3 in 4 people had at least one dental restoration during their life. Periodontitis is also common, with estimations that 35% of all Americans age 30 to 90 are afflicted. More than 1 in 5 people have untreated dental caries, and 3 in 4 people had at least one dental restoration during their life. Periodontal disease is also common, with estimations that 35% of Americans age 30 to 90 are afflicted. Furthermore, the prevalence of dental caries varies significantly by socioeconomic factors. Untreated dental caries were more than 2.5 times as common in those living 100% below the poverty level (41.9%) relative to those living 200% above the federal poverty level or higher (16.6%). The prevalence of dental caries is also dynamic during the patients' lifetime. Dental caries are present in 90% of adults and 42% of children ages 6 to 19 years. Dental caries did not appear to vary much with age except that adolescents age 12 to 19 were found to have a lower rate of untreated dental caries even when compared to children ages 5 to 11. Read original post here: https://forestray.dentist/kb/bacterial-infection/
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Dental fear (also called dental phobia, odontophobia, dentophobia, dentist phobia, and dental anxiety) is the fear of dentistry and of receiving dental care. However, it has been suggested that use of the term dental phobia should not be used for people who do not feel that their fears are excessive or unreasonable, and instead resemble individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder, caused by previous traumatic dental experiences. Read original post here: https://forestray.dentist/kb/dental-phobia/ Alveolar osteitis is inflammation of the alveolar bone (i.e., the alveolar process of the maxilla or mandible). Classically, this occurs as a postoperative complication of tooth extraction. Alveolar osteitis usually occurs where the blood clot fails to form or is lost from the socket (i.e., the defect left in the gum when a tooth is taken out). This leaves an empty socket where bone is exposed to the oral cavity, causing a localized alveolar osteitis limited to the lamina dura (i.e., the bone which lines the socket). This specific type of alveolar osteitis is also known as dry socket or, less commonly, fibrinolytic alveolitis, and is associated with increased pain and delayed healing time. Dry socket occurs in about 0.5–5% of routine dental extractions, and in about 25–30% of extractions of impacted mandibular third molars (wisdom teeth which are buried in the bone). Read original post here: https://forestray.dentist/kb/alveolar-osteitis/ In the United States, Canada, and Australia, there are nine recognized dental specialties in which some dentists choose to train and practice, in addition to or instead of general dentistry. To become a specialist requires training in a residency or advanced graduate training program. Once a residency is completed, the doctor is granted a certificate of specialty training. Many specialty programs have optional or required advanced degrees such as a master's degree, such as the Master of Science (MS or MSc), Master of Dental Surgery/Science (MDS/MDSc), Master of Dentistry (MDent), Master of Clinical Dentistry (MClinDent), Master of Philosophy (MPhil), Master of Medical Science (MMS or (MMSc); doctorate such as Doctor of Clinical Dentistry (DClinDent), Doctor of Medical Science/Sciences (DMSc), or PhD;or medical degree: Doctor of Medicine/Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery (MD/MBBS) specific to maxillofacial surgery and sometimes oral medicine). Read original post here: https://forestray.dentist/kb/dental-specialties/ Occlusal trauma is a dental term that refers to the damage incurred when teeth are left in traumatic occlusion without proper treatment. When the maxillary and mandibular dental arches approach each together, as they do, for example, during chewing or at rest, the relationship between the opposing teeth is referred to as occlusion. If this occlusal relationship is not balanced properly it may result in pain, tenderness and even mobility of the affected teeth. When the natural course of trauma, disease and dental treatment alters an individual's occlusion by removing or changing the occlusal (biting) surface of any of the teeth, that individual's teeth will come together, or occlude, differently, and their occlusion will change. When that change is detrimental to the manner in which the teeth occlude, the patient is said to possess a traumatic occlusion.traumatogenic occlusion - definition of traumatogenic occlusion in the Medical dictionary - by the Free Online Medical Dictionary, Thesaurus and Encyclopedia. Traumatic occlusion may cause a thickening of the cervical margin of the alveolar bone and widening of the periodontal ligament, although the latter is not pathognomonic for this condition. Read original post here: https://forestray.dentist/kb/occlusal-trauma/ Angina pectoris – commonly known as angina – is the sensation of chest pain, pressure, or squeezing, often due to ischemia of the heart muscle from obstruction or spasm of the coronary arteries. While angina pectoris can derive from anemia, cardiac arrhythmias and heart failure, its main cause is coronary artery disease (CAD), an atherosclerotic process affecting the arteries feeding the heart. The term derives from the Latin angere ("to strangle") and pectus ("chest"), and can, therefore, be translated as "a strangling feeling in the chest". There is a weak relationship between severity of pain and degree of oxygen deprivation in the heart muscle (i.e., there can be severe pain with little or no risk of a myocardial infarction {commonly known as a heart attack}, and a heart attack can occur without pain). In some cases, angina can be quite severe, and in the early 20th century this was known to be a signal of impending death. However, given current medical therapies, the outlook has improved substantially. People with an average age of 62 years, who have moderate to severe degrees of angina (grading by classes II, III and IV) have a 5-year mortality rate of approximately 8%. Worsening ("crescendo") angina attacks, sudden-onset angina at rest, and angina lasting more than 15 minutes are symptoms of unstable angina (usually grouped with similar conditions as the acute coronary syndrome). As these may precede a heart attack, they require urgent medical attention and are, in general, treated in similar fashion to myocardial infarction. Read original post here: https://forestray.dentist/kb/angina-pectoris/ Sinusitis, also known as rhinosinusitis, is inflammation of the paranasal sinuses. It can be due to infection, allergy, or autoimmune problems. Most cases are due to a viral infection and resolve over the course of 10 days. It is a common condition, with over 24 million cases annually in the U.S. Read original post here: https://forestray.dentist/kb/sinusitis/ The London Underground (also known as the Tube or simply the Underground) is a public rapid transit system serving a large part of Greater London and parts of the home counties of Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire and Essex. The system serves 270 stations and has of track, 52% of which is above ground . The network is considered the oldest rapid transit system, incorporating the world's first underground railway, the Metropolitan Railway, which opened in 1863 and is now part of the Circle, Hammersmith & City and Metropolitan lines; and the first line to operate underground electric traction trains, the City & South London Railway in 1890, now part of the Northern line. The network has expanded to 11 lines, and in 2012/13 carried 1.23 billion passengers, making it the 12th busiest transit system. The system's first tunnels were built just below the surface using the cut and cover method, and are large enough to take trains of normal size. Later, smaller circular tunnels – which give rise to its nickname the Tube – were dug through the London Clay at a deeper level. The early lines were marketed as the UNDERGROUND in the early 20th century on maps and signs at central London stations. The private companies that owned and ran the railways were merged in 1933 to form the London Passenger Transport Board. The current operator, London Underground Limited (LUL), is a wholly owned subsidiary of Transport for London (TfL), the statutory corporation responsible for most elements of the transport network in Greater London. The term 'Tube' is nowadays often used both in official publicity and in general usage to embrace the whole Underground system, though it is sometimes only applied to the lines that run in deep-level tunnels, excluding the Circle, Metropolitan, District and Hammersmith and City lines. , 91% of operational expenditure is covered by passenger fares. The Travelcard ticket was introduced in 1983 and Oyster, a contactless ticketing system, in 2003. The LPTB was a prominent patron of art and design, commissioning many new station buildings, posters and public artworks in a modernist style. The schematic Tube map, designed by Harry Beck in 1931, was voted a national design icon in 2006 and now includes other lines - the Docklands Light Railway and London Overground - as well as the non-rail Emirates Air Line. London Underground branding is built around the symbols of the roundel and the Johnston typeface, created by Edward Johnston in 1916. London Underground celebrated 150 years of operations in 2013, with various events marking the milestone. Read original post here: https://forestray.dentist/kb/london-underground/ London Bridge is a central London railway terminus and connected London Underground station in Southwark, occupying a large area on two levels immediately south-east of London Bridge and 1.6 miles (2.6 km) east of Charing Cross. The mainline station, which is the oldest railway station in London fare zone 1 and one of the oldest in the world having opened in 1836, contains nine terminal platforms and six through-platforms for services from the south and south-east of London. Through services continue to Charing Cross, Cannon Street or Blackfriars. In terms of passenger arrivals and departures it is the fourth-busiest station in London as well as the United Kingdom as a whole, handling over 54 million customers a year. (These statistics do not include the many commuters who transfer between lines at the station.) London Bridge is served by Thameslink trains running between Bedford and Brighton as well as Southeastern services from Charing Cross or Cannon Street to destinations in southeast London, Kent and East Sussex. It is also the terminus for Southern commuter and regional services to south London and numerous destinations in South East England. The mainline station is one of 19 UK stations managed by Network Rail. The Underground station is served by the Jubilee line and the Bank branch of the Northern line. It consists of a ticket hall and entrance area with its main frontage on Tooley Street, along with entrances on Borough High Street, as well as within the mainline station concourse and a corridor under the through-platforms (currently 1-6). London Bridge is one of two mainline termini in London to the south of the River Thames, the other being Waterloo. For this reason, neither has a direct connection to the Circle line. Read original post here: https://forestray.dentist/kb/london-bridge/ The Hammersmith & City line of the London Underground runs between Hammersmith and Barking. Coloured salmon pink on the tube map, it serves 29 stations in . It is underground in the central section between Paddington and Bow Road; between Farringdon and Aldgate East it skirts the City of London, the capital's financial heart. The tunnels are just below the surface and are a similar size to those on British main lines. Most of the track and all stations are shared with the District, Circle or Metropolitan lines, the other parts of London Underground's sub-surface railway, and over 114 million passenger journeys are made each year on this line and the Circle line. In 1863 the Metropolitan Railway began the world's first underground railway service between Paddington and Farringdon with wooden carriages and steam locomotives. The following year a railway west from Paddington to Hammersmith opened and this soon became operated and owned jointly by the Metropolitan and Great Western railways. The line was extended to the east in stages, reaching the East London Railway in 1884. The line was electrified in 1906, and in 1936, after the Metropolitan Railway had been absorbed by London Passenger Transport Board, some Hammersmith & City trains were extended over the former District Railway line to Barking. The Hammersmith & City route was shown on the tube map as part of the Metropolitan line until 1990, when it appeared as a separate line. The track and signalling systems are being upgraded and the old 6-car C Stock trains have been replaced by new 7-car S Stock trains in a programme to increase capacity by 65 per cent by 2019. The line runs parallel to the Great Western Main Line between Paddington and Westbourne Park and parallel to the London, Tilbury and Southend Railway between West Ham and Barking. Read original post here: https://forestray.dentist/kb/hammersmith-city/ City Thameslink is a railway station in the City of London, England. The platforms are underground with a southern entrance on Ludgate Hill just off Ludgate Circus, and a northern entrance on Holborn Viaduct. It is in Zone 1 on the Thameslink route between and . Although a through station, for ticketing purposes it is considered a central London railway terminus for journeys to and from the south. City Thameslink is not open on Sundays. Before its 1990 opening its site was intended for station on the cancelled Fleet Line Extension of the (now) Jubilee line. Read original post here: https://forestray.dentist/kb/city-thameslink/ Blackfriars, also known as London Blackfriars, is a central London railway station and connected London Underground station located in the City of London. Its platforms span the River Thames, occupying the length of Blackfriars Railway Bridge, a short distance downstream from Blackfriars Bridge. Since 2011 there have been station buildings, with passenger entrances, on both sides of the river; the north bank entrance is on the south side of Queen Victoria Street and the South Bank entrance, opened in 2011, is adjacent to Blackfriars Road. The mainline station was opened by the London Chatham and Dover Railway company with the name St. Paul's in 1886. The Underground station opened in 1870 with the arrival of the Metropolitan District Railway. The station was renamed Blackfriars in 1937. National Rail services are now provided by Southeastern and Thameslink while the Underground station is now served by both the District line and, since 1949, the Circle line. The Underground station was closed for renovation work for nearly three years between 2009 and 2012. The station falls within fare zone 1. Read original post here: https://forestray.dentist/kb/blackfriars/ The Jubilee line is a London Underground line. Having opened in 1979, it is the newest line on the network (although some sections of track date back to 1932 and some stations to 1879). At its northern end, it took over what was previously the Stanmore branch of the Bakerloo line, while the new build was completed in two major sections: initially in 1979 to Charing Cross tube station in central London; then extended in 1999 with the Jubilee Line Extension to Stratford station in east London. The later stations are larger and have special safety features, both aspects being attempts to future-proof the line. Following the extension into East London, serving areas once poorly connected to the Underground, the line has seen a huge growth in passenger numbers and is currently the third busiest on the network with over 213 million passengers per year. Thirteen of the 27 stations served are below ground. The Jubilee line is coloured silver/grey on the Tube map, to mark the Silver Jubilee of Elizabeth II after which the line was named. Between Finchley Road and Wembley Park, the Jubilee line shares its route with the Metropolitan line and Chiltern Main Line. Between Canning Town and Stratford, the line runs parallel to the Stratford International extension of the DLR. Read original post here: https://forestray.dentist/kb/jubilee-line/ Edgware Road is a London Underground station on the Circle, District and Hammersmith & City lines, located on the corner of Chapel Street and Cabbell Street, within Travelcard zone 1. A separate station of the same name but served by the Bakerloo line is located about 150 metres away on the opposite side of Marylebone Road. There have been proposals in the past to rename one of the Edgware Road stations to avoid confusion. Neither of them should be confused with the Edgware tube station on the Northern line. Read original post here: https://forestray.dentist/kb/edgware-road/ Fare zone 1 is the central zone of Transport for London's zonal fare system used by the London Underground, London Overground, Docklands Light Railway and National Rail. For most tickets, travel through Zone 1 is more expensive than journeys of similar length not crossing this zone. The zone contains all the central London districts, most of the major tourist attractions, the major rail terminals, the City of London, and the West End. It is about from west to east and from north to south, approximately 45 km2. BackgroundLondon is split into six approximately concentric zones. Zone 1 covers the West End, the Holborn district, Kensington, Paddington and the City of London, as well as Old Street, Angel, Pimlico, Tower Gateway, Aldgate East, Euston, Vauxhall, Elephant & Castle, Borough, London Bridge, Earl's Court, Marylebone, Edgware Road, Lambeth North and Waterloo. Every London Underground line has stations in zone 1. Underground stations within this zone are typically close together; for instance Covent Garden and Leicester Square are only 0.3 kilometres (0.2 mi) apart, the shortest distance between any two stations in the network. The zone originates from two central London zones that were created on 4 October 1981 named City and West End, in which flat fares applied, replaced in 1983 by Zone 1. List of stations
Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stations_in_London_fare_zone_1 Read original post here: https://forestray.dentist/kb/zone-1/ Earl's Court tube station is a London Underground station in Earls Court. The station is located between Earls Court Road and Warwick Road (both A3220). The station is in both fare zones1 and 2. On the Piccadilly line the station is between Barons Court and Gloucester Road. It is the major junction of the District line, with West Brompton, Kensington (Olympia) and West Kensington to the west, High Street Kensington to the north and Gloucester Road to the east. Read original post here: https://forestray.dentist/kb/earls-court/ Elephant & Castle tube station is a station on the London Underground system. It is located in the London Borough of Southwark and on the boundary of Travelcard Zone 1 and 2. The station is on the Bank branch of the Northern line between Kennington and Borough, and is the southern terminus of the Bakerloo line, the next station being Lambeth North. Read original post here: https://forestray.dentist/kb/elephant-castle/ Enamel hypoplasia is a dental condition where the enamel, the outermost layer of teeth, is underdeveloped or deficient. This condition can result from a variety of causes, both hereditary and environmental. For example, genetic disorders like amelogenesis imperfecta or systemic conditions like celiac disease can lead to enamel hypoplasia. Environmental factors, including nutritional deficiencies or exposure to certain substances during tooth development, can also contribute to this condition. The resulting enamel defects can vary in appearance, from pits and grooves to areas where the enamel is completely missing, exposing the underlying dentin. The clinical implications of enamel hypoplasia extend beyond mere aesthetics. The defects in enamel can increase susceptibility to dental caries, including early childhood caries (ECC), by providing niches that facilitate bacterial colonization. Moreover, the appearance of teeth affected by enamel hypoplasia, especially in visible areas, can impact a person's self-esteem and social interactions. Early detection and appropriate management, which may include dental sealants or topical fluoride treatments, are crucial in mitigating the risks associated with enamel hypoplasia and preserving oral health. Treatment approaches for enamel hypoplasia focus on preventing further dental decay and managing cosmetic concerns. Topical fluoride treatments have been shown to be effective in protecting teeth from caries. For teeth with significant enamel loss, restorative options like bonded restorations or stainless steel crowns can offer both functional and aesthetic benefits. Understanding the underlying causes of enamel hypoplasia and addressing any contributing systemic health issues are essential components of comprehensive dental care for individuals affected by this condition. Image source: https://childrensedationdentist.com/treating-enamel-hypoplasia-for-kids/ Read original post here: https://forestray.dentist/kb/enamel-hypoplasia/ The periapical cyst (also termed radicular cyst, and to a lesser extent dental cyst) is the most common odontogenic cyst. It is caused by pulpal necrosis secondary to dental caries or trauma. The cyst lining is derived from the cell rests of Malassez. Usually, the periapical cyst is asymptomatic, but a secondary infection can cause pain. On radiographs, it appears a radiolucency (dark area) around the apex of a tooth's root. Radicular cyst is the most common odontogenic cystic lesion of inflammatory origin. It is also known as periapical cyst, apical periodontal cyst, root end cyst or dental cyst. It arises from epithelial residues in periodontal ligament as a result of inflammation. The inflammation usually follows death of dental pulp. Radicular cysts are found at root apices of involved teeth. These cysts may persists even after extraction of offending tooth; such cysts are called residual cysts. Read original post here: https://forestray.dentist/kb/radicular-cyst/ The Hall Technique is a non-invasive dental treatment for managing decayed baby molars without the need for injections or drilling, significantly improving the patient's comfort. This method involves sealing the decay under preformed stainless steel crowns, aligning with modern, biologically-oriented dental care strategies. Notably preferred by children, parents, and dentists, this technique is backed by evidence demonstrating its effectiveness and acceptability, providing a more patient-friendly alternative to traditional fillings. Despite initial concerns about potential progression of sealed caries, long-term studies have shown that the Hall Technique can successfully arrest decay, reducing the risk of pain and infection associated with untreated carious teeth. Originating from the work of Dr. Norna Hall in Scotland, this technique simplifies the restoration of primary molars by cementing a crown directly over the decayed tooth without prior caries removal or tooth preparation. Recognized in dental guidelines, such as those from the Scottish Dental Clinical Effectiveness Programme, the Hall Technique is reshaping the approach to pediatric dental care, shifting from invasive procedures to less intrusive, biological decay management methods. This technique is especially beneficial in contexts where dental services are scarce or in situations where traditional dental treatments pose significant challenges. While the Hall Technique has proven to be a successful method for managing carious primary molars, it is not universally applicable and should not be used in cases of irreversible pulpitis or dental abscess. The process typically involves a few appointments, beginning with the placement of orthodontic separators if necessary, followed by the fitting and cementation of the stainless steel crown. This method offers a durable solution to tooth decay in children, significantly reducing their discomfort and anxiety during dental treatments, and fostering a more positive attitude towards dental care. Read original post here: https://forestray.dentist/kb/hall-technique/ Apical Resection vs. Tooth Extraction: Benefits of Apical Resection: Recovery after Apical Resection: Apical resection has a high success rate, with approximately 85-90% of cases being successful. Is Apical Resection Right for You? Learn more about apical resection: Visit our website: https://frdental.hu/en/apical-resection/ Read original post here: https://local.google.com/place?id=9845698472642226705&use=posts&lpsid=CIHM0ogKEICAgIDDuPSG4QE Somers Town is a district in central London. It has been strongly influenced by the three mainline north London railway termini: Euston (1838), St. Pancras (1868) and Kings Cross (1852), together with the Midland Railway Somers Town Goods Depot (1887) next to St Pancras, where the British Library now stands. Historically, the name Somers Town was used for the larger triangular area between the Pancras, Hampstead, and Euston Roads, but it is now taken to mean the rough rectangle bounded by Pancras Road, Euston Road, Eversholt Street, Crowndale Road, and the railway approaches to St Pancras Station; that is to say, the area about 200 metres east and west of Chalton Street. Somers Town to some extent overlaps with the parish and district of St Pancras. Forest & Ray Private Dentist Camden is very close to Somers Town, Camden. Also in Camden: Camden Town, Gospel Oak, Somers Town, King's Cross, Chalk Farm, Dartmouth Park. Driving directions from Somers Town to Forest & Ray Private Dentist Camden Read original post here: https://forestray.dentist/kb/somers-town/ St Pancras is an area of London. For many centuries the name was used for various officially-designated areas, but it is now used mainly for the railway station and only rarely for the locality, having been largely superseded by several other names for overlapping districts. The name “St Pancras” survives in the name of the local parliamentary constituency, Holborn and St. Pancras. One of the political wards in Camden is called St Pancras and Somers Town; however, ward boundaries are chosen to divide a borough into roughly equal slices with little regard to historical boundaries or day-to-day usage. Besides Somers Town and the area around St Pancras Old Church, the ward includes much of Camden Town and the former Kings Cross Goods Yard, which is being redeveloped as a mixed-use district under the name Kings Cross Central The metropolitan borough then merged with neighbouring boroughs and the area it covered now forms around half of the modern London Borough of Camden. The area of the parish and borough includes the sub-districts of Camden Town, Kentish Town, Gospel Oak, Somers Town, King's Cross, Chalk Farm, Dartmouth Park, the core area of Fitzrovia and a part of Highgate. orest & Ray Private Dentist Camden is very close to St Pancras. Driving directions from St Pancras to Forest & Ray Private Dentist Camden Read original post here: https://forestray.dentist/kb/st-pancras/ Chalk Farm is a small urban district of northwest London, England immediately north of Camden Town and currently split equally between the electoral wards of Camden Town and Primrose Hill in the south and Haverstock in the north. The area is not formally defined, though the former Manor of Chalk Farm was a component part of the Ancient Parish and Borough of St Pancras. The core area lies between Chalk Farm Road in the east and St Pancras' western boundary to the west; an area that extends to Ainger Road and takes in part of the Primrose Hill open space, though the hill itself is in Hampstead. Chalk Farm includes part of the Camden Town with Primrose Hill ward, and perhaps also part of the Haverstock ward. As of 2020, Camden's wards are being reviewed and these wards will be abolished or have their boundaries redrawn. Forest & Ray Private Dentist Camden is very close to Chalk Farm, Camden, London. Also in Camden: Camden Town, Gospel Oak, Somers Town, King's Cross, Chalk Farm, Dartmouth Park. Driving directions from Chalk Farm to Forest & Ray Private Dentist Camden Read original post here: https://forestray.dentist/kb/chalk-farm/ Hampstead ( or ), commonly known as Hampstead Village, is an area of London, England, north-west of Charing Cross. Part of the London Borough of Camden in Inner London, it is known for its intellectual, liberal, artistic, musical and literary associations and for Hampstead Heath, a large, hilly expanse of parkland. To the north and east of Hampstead, and separating it from Highgate, is London's largest ancient parkland, Hampstead Heath, which includes the well-known and legally-protected view of the London skyline from Parliament Hill. The Heath, a major place for Londoners to walk and "take the air", has three open-air public swimming ponds; one for men, one for women, and one for mixed bathing, which were originally reservoirs for drinking water and the sources of the River Fleet. The bridge pictured is known locally as 'The Red Arches' or 'The Viaduct', built in fruitless anticipation of residential building on the Heath in the 19th century. Forest & Ray Private Dentist Camden is very close to Hampstead, Camden. Cultural attractions in the area include the Freud Museum, Keats House, Kenwood House, Fenton House, the Isokon building, Burgh House (which also houses Hampstead Museum), and the Camden Arts Centre. The large Victorian Hampstead Town Hall was recently converted and extended as an arts centre. It has some of the most expensive housing in the London area. The village of Hampstead has more millionaires within its boundaries than any other area of the United Kingdom. Electorally, it is split into two wards: Hampstead Town and Frognal & Fitzjohns. Also in Camden: Camden Town, Gospel Oak, Somers Town, King's Cross, Chalk Farm, Dartmouth Park. Driving directions from Hampstead to Forest & Ray Private DentistCamden Read original post here: https://forestray.dentist/kb/hampstead/ |
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